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AL-QAEDA

Propaganda image released by JNIM’s media outlet Az-Zallaqa Media Production, showing a group of approximately 30 armed terrorists in camouflage uniforms and face coverings, posing for a graduation ceremony at the Abu Yahya al-Muhajir training camp in an undisclosed desert location in Mali. The fighters are holding assault rifles and ammunition belts. Black jihadist flags are visible in the background. A yellow banner in the upper right corner reads “Mali” in Arabic. The image was published on 27 February

Mali in the grip of hybrid warfare

Four months of asymmetric conflict: between September and December 2025, JNIM escalated its hybrid warfare strategy, targeting Mali’s economy, transport, and civilian life, demonstrating unprecedented control over resources and daily mobility